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Central University of Kashmir Announces UG Admissions 2025-26

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Central University of Kashmir Announces UG Admissions 2025-26

The Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal (J&K) has opened applications for CUET (UG) Regular Admission 2025-26 for undergraduate programs. The university offers a diverse range of courses in multiple disciplines, providing students with quality education and research opportunities.

Courses Offered:

  1. B.Sc. Hons./Hons. with Research in:
    • Biotechnology
    • Zoology
    • Physics
    • Mathematics
  2. B.A. LLB (Hons.)
  3. B.A. (Hons.) English
  4. BBA (Hons.)
  5. B.VOC (Tourism & Hospitality Management)

Integrated Teacher Education Programme (ITEP)

Admissions are also open for the 4-Year Integrated Teacher Education Programme (ITEP) through NCET, leading to a B.A. B.Ed. degree.

Important Dates:

  • Last date to apply for UG Programs: 22nd March 2025
  • Last date to apply for ITEP (B.A. B.Ed.): 16th March 2025

Interested candidates should visit the Directorate of Admissions, Central University of Kashmir for further details and the application process.

Start your academic journey at one of the premier universities in Kashmir and shape your future with quality education!

Recruitment Alert: Maths Teacher Required at New Era Public School, Srinagar

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Recruitment Alert: Maths Teacher Required at New Era Public School, Srinagar

New Era Public School, located in Rajbagh, Srinagar, is seeking a qualified Mathematics Teacher for middle classes. This is an excellent opportunity for educators passionate about teaching and shaping young minds in a well-established institution.

Position: Maths Teacher

Qualifications Required:

MSc (Non-Medical) with B.Ed OR
BSc (Non-Medical) with B.Ed

Salary: Negotiable

Preference will be given to experienced candidates.

How to Apply?

Interested candidates can contact the school for further inquiries at:
0194 2312534 / 0194 2312554
⏰ Call between 9:30 AM – 1:00 PM

Join us and be part of a dynamic learning environment at New Era Public School!

AFCAT Result 2025 Declared: Check Air Force 01/2025 Exam Results Here

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AFCAT Result 2025: Air Force 01/2025 entrance test results announced, direct link

AFCAT Result 2025 Live: The Indian Air Force (IAF) announced the Air Force Common Admission Test (AFCAT 01/2025) result today, March 17. Candidates can check the AFCAT result 2025 on the official website, afcat.cdac.in. The direct link is given below. Direct link The AFCAT 2025 examination was held on February 22 and 23, 2025. The exam duration was two hours and consisted of 100 questions, with a total score of 300.…Read More

Questions in AFCAT were asked from the following subjects or topics:

General Awareness

Ability in English

Verbal

Military Aptitude Test

Numerical Ability and Reasoning.

How to check IAF AFCAT result 2025?

  1. Go to afcat.cdac.in
  2. Open the AFCAT 01/2025 result link
  3. Enter your login details
  4. Submit and download the result.

Check live updates on AFCAT result 2025 below:

Follow all the updates here:
Mar 17, 2025 3:29 PM IST

AFCAT Result 2025 Live: When will training begin?

AFCAT Result 2025 Live: Training is scheduled to begin in the first week of July, 2025 for all courses. The approximate duration of training for Flying and Ground Duty (Technical) branches is 62 weeks, and that for Ground Duty (Non-technical) branches is 52 weeks at Air Force Training Establishments.

Mar 17, 2025 2:30 PM IST

AFCAT Result 2025 Live: Marking scheme

Correct answer: Three marks (+3) awarded

Incorrect answer: One mark (-1) deducted

Unattempted questions No marks awarded or deducted.

Mar 17, 2025 2:05 PM IST

AFCAT Result 2025 Live: Vacancy details

  • Flying

Men: 21

Women: 9

  • Ground Duty (Technical)

Men AE(L): 95

Men AE(M): 53

Women AE(L): 27

Women AE(M): 14

  • Ground Duty (Non-technical)

Men Weapon Systems (WS) Branch:14

Men Admin: 42

Men Lgs: 13

Men Accts: 11

Men Edn: 7

Men Met: 7

Women Weapon Systems (WS) Branch: 3

Women Admin: 11

Women Lgs:3

Women Accts: 2

Women Edn: 2

Women Met: 2

Mar 17, 2025 1:53 PM IST

AFCAT Result 2025 Live: Questions were asked from these topics

AFCAT Result 2025 Live: In AFCAT 01/2025, questions were asked from the following subjects or topics:

General Awareness

Ability in English

Verbal

Military Aptitude Test

Numerical Ability and Reasoning.

Mar 17, 2025 1:44 PM IST

AFCAT Result 2025 Live: When was the exam conducted?

AFCAT Result 2025 Live: AFCAT 01/2025, the entrance examination for IAF, was held on February 22 and 23, 2025. The exam duration was two hours and consisted of 100 questions, with a total score of 300.

Mar 17, 2025 1:43 PM IST

AFCAT Result 2025 Live: Link to check answer key

Here is the direct link to check the AFCAT answer key

Mar 17, 2025 1:31 PM IST

AFCAT Result 2025 Live: Login details required to check the result

AFCAT Result 2025 Live: Candidates need to use the following login details to check the AFCAT result online-

  1. Email ID
  2. Password
Mar 17, 2025 1:30 PM IST

AFCAT Result 2025 Live: Direct link to check results

AFCAT Result 2025 Live: Here is the direct link to check the Air Force Common Entrance Test results.

Mar 17, 2025 1:28 PM IST

AFCAT Result 2025 Live: AFCAT 01/2025 results announced

AFCAT Result 2025 Live: The Indian Air Force has announced AFCAT 01/2025 results on the official website, afcat.cdac.in.

Wage enhancement of Cooks-cum-Helpers to be taken up in upcoming PAB meeting: Sakeena Itoo

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Wage enhancement of Cooks-cum-Helpers to be taken up in upcoming PAB meeting: Sakeena Itoo

Jammu, Mar 17 (GNS): Minister for School Education and Higher Education, Sakeena Itoo, today informed the House that the matter of enhancement of wages of Cooks-cum-Helpers working under the PM POSHAN (Mid Day Meals Scheme) would be taken up in the upcoming Project Approval Board (PAB) meeting.

The Minister said this while replying a question raised by Muzaffar Iqbal Khan in the Legislative Assembly.

The Minister informed the House that as per the guidelines and norms of the Union Ministry for Education, with the sharing pattern of 90:10, the Cooks-cum-Helpers are being paid monthly honorarium of Rs.1000 only for preparation of single time meals.

The Minister informed that the demand for enhancement of honorarium of the Cooks-Cum-Helpers was projected during the previous meeting of PAB under the PM POSHAN scheme, but the same was not accepted with remarks that cooks-cum-helpers are uniformly paid throughout the country and the same cannot be enhanced in isolation for any state or UT.

The Minister also informed the House that there had been a provision for engagement of land donors as casual workers under SRO 520, but that has ceased to exist now and as such, there is no such policy by virtue of which employment can be provided to the land donors. She added that School Education department is providing land compensation under the UT CAPEX BUDGET to liquidate the claims of land donors in a phased manner including those of Thanamandi Constituency.

Mir Saifullah, Mehraj Malik and Balwant Singh Mankotia raised the supplementaries.(GNS)

Kohsar Public High School Khag Announces Teaching Vacancies for 2025-2026

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Kohsar Public High School Khag Announces Teaching Vacancies for 2025-2026

Kohsar Public High School, located in District Budgam, Kashmir, has announced an employment notification for the recruitment of energetic and qualified teaching faculty for the academic session 2025-2026. Applications are invited from both male and female candidates on plain paper, accompanied by attested testimonials and a passport-size photograph.

Available Positions & Required Qualifications

The school is seeking teachers for the following subjects:

  1. English (01 Post)
    • Qualification: M.A, B.Ed/ B.A, B.Ed with English or English Literature (or equivalent)
  2. Social Science (01 Post)
    • Qualification: M.A, B.Ed/ B.A, B.Ed with History, Geography & Political Science (or equivalent)
  3. Computer (01 Post)
    • Qualification: MCA/ BCA (or equivalent)
  4. Islamiyat & Arabic Teacher (01 Post)
    • Qualification: M.A in Arabic/ Islamiyat (or equivalent)
  5. Physical Teacher (01 Post)
    • Qualification: M.PED, B.PED (or equivalent)

Application Process

Interested candidates can submit their applications at the office of the undersigned on or before 22nd March 2025.

Contact Details

For further inquiries, candidates can contact:
Phone: 9906428331 | 8803983803

This is a great opportunity for passionate educators looking to contribute to a reputed institution. Apply soon to be part of the academic team at Kohsar Public High School, Khag!

Income Tax Recruitment 2025: Apply for 56 Sports Quota Vacancies Now!

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Income Tax Recruitment 2025: The Principal Chief Commissioner of Income Tax for Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, located in Hyderabad, announced the vacant posts under the sports quota on March 15, 2025, the recruitment of talented sportspersons for various positions, including Stenographer Grade-II, Tax Assistant, and Multi-Tasking Staff. The online application process for Income Tax recruitment 2025 has commenced at http://incometaxhyderabad.gov.in/ and will continue till April 05, 2025

According to the notification, a total of 56 vacancies will be filled for Sportspersons who are interested in being appointed as Stenographer Grade-II, Tax Assistant and Multi-Tasking Staff under the Income Tax Department.

IOCL Apprentice Recruitment 2025: Apply for Technician, Graduate & Trade Apprentice Vacancies

Important Dates

  • Starting Date for Apply Online: 15th March 2025
  • Last Date for Apply Online: 5th April 2025

Vacancy Details

Total Posts: 56

  • Stenographer Grade-Il (Steno): 0212
  • Tax Assistant (TA): 28
  • GraduateMulti-Tasking Staff (MTS): 26

Eligibility Criteria

  • Stenographer Grade-II (Steno)
    • Age Limit: 18 to 27 years as of 01 January 2025.
    • Education Qualification: Intermediate with Science, Commerce or Arts stream from a school recognised by the CBSE, BIEAP or TSBIE.
  • Tax Assistant (TA)
    • Age Limit: 18 to 27 years as of January 01, 2025.
    • Education Qualification: Bachelor’s degree in any subject from a university recognized by the UGC.
  • Multi-Tasking Staff (MTS)
    • Age Limit: 18 to 27 years as of January 01, 2025
    • Education Qualification: Matriculation from a school recognised by the CBSE, BSE Telangana, or BSEAP.

Salary Details

  • Stenographer Grade-Il (Steno): Level 4 (Rs.25,500-81,100)
  • Tax Assistant (TA): Level 4 (Rs.25,500-81,100)
  • Multi-Tasking Staff (MTS): Level 1 (Rs.18,000-56,900)

How to apply for Income Tax Recruitment 2025

Applications must be submitted only in online mode which can be accessed from the following URL: www.incometaxhyderabad.gov.in Last date to apply online is on or before 05.04.2025. (5th April,2025).

Note: Each candidate shall submit only one application form. Submitting more than one form may render one’s candidature invalid.

Dry Weather in J&K Till March 26, Light Snow Possible on 19th Night: Dir MET

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Dry Weather in J&K Till March 26, Light Snow Possible on 19th Night: Dir MET

Says,Fresh Spell of Rain/Snow Likely on March 27-28

Srinagar, Mar 17: The
meterological department on Monday said that weather in Jammu and Kashmir is expected to remain generally dry till March 26.

Director Meteorological Department Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad as per news agency JKNS said, Jammu and Kashmir is expected to remain generally dry till March 26, with a possibility of light snowfall over isolated higher reaches on the night of March 19.

A fresh spell of light rain and snow is expected on March 27-28, Dr Mukhtar said.

The department has advised travelers, tourists, and transporters to follow administrative and traffic advisories. Farmers have been advised to resume farm operations, while people are urged to avoid avalanche-prone and slopy areas. (JKNS)

Recruitment Notification: Appointment of Registrar at Central University of Kashmir

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Recruitment Notification: Appointment of Registrar at Central University of Kashmir

The Central University of Kashmir, under the Ministry of Education, Government of India, invites online applications from eligible Indian citizens and overseas citizens of India (OCIs) for the appointment of Registrar (Tenure Post) on a direct recruitment/deputation basis.

Position Details:

  • Post: Registrar (Tenure Post)
  • Pay Scale: Level-14 of the 7th CPC (Rs. 1,44,200 – 2,18,200)
  • Tenure: 5 years or until the age of 62, whichever is earlier

Eligibility Criteria:

For Direct Recruitment:

  • A Master’s Degree with at least 55% marks or an equivalent grade.
  • Experience:
    • 15 years of experience as an Assistant Professor in Academic Level 11 or above
    • OR 8 years of service in Academic Level 12 or above, including as Associate Professor, with experience in educational administration
    • OR Comparable experience in research establishments/higher education institutions
    • OR 15 years of administrative experience, including 8 years as Deputy Registrar or equivalent

For Deputation:

  • The candidate must hold an analogous post or have 8 years of experience at Pay Level-12, with qualifications and experience as indicated for direct recruitment.

Age Limit:

  • Direct Recruitment: Preferably below 57 years
  • Deputation: Not exceeding 58 years

Important Dates:

S. No. Particulars Date
1 Availability of online application form 12th March 2025
2 Last date for online application submission with fee 15th April 2025
3 Last date for submission of downloaded copies of the application form with enclosures 25th April 2025

Application Fee:

  • Rs. 1500/- (Non-refundable)

How to Apply:

Interested candidates must submit their applications online through the university’s official website:
👉 www.cukashmir.ac.in

For any amendments or updates regarding the recruitment process, please visit the official website.

Contact Details:

Recruitment Section,
Green Campus, Central University of Kashmir,
Ganderbal, Jammu & Kashmir – 191201
📍 Website: www.cukashmir.ac.in

Don’t miss this opportunity to be a part of a prestigious institution. Apply now!

CUET PG 2025 Admit Cards Released for March 21-25 Exams – Download Now

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NTA has released the CUET PG admit cards 2025 for exams scheduled from March 21st to 25th. Candidates can download via direct link.

The National Testing Agency has released admit cards for the CUET PG examinations scheduled for March 21 to March 25, 2025 on Sunday, March 16. Candidates appearing for the Common University Admission Test-Postgraduate (CUET PG 2025) can download their admit cards from the official website at exams.nta.ac.in/CUET-PG.

To download the hall tickets, candidates need to enter their Application Number and Date of Birth.

Direct link to download CUET PG Admit Cards 2025

The hall tickets for the remaining exam dates will be released subsequently, NTA informed in its official notice.

The official notice reads, “In continuation of the Public Notice dated 09 March 2025. Admit Card of candidates appearing for the examination scheduled to be held between 21st to 25th March 2025, are hosted on https://exams.nta.ac.in/CUET-PG/. Admit Card for examination to be held after 25-03-2025 will be released subsequently.”

Previously, the agency had released the admit cards for exams scheduled from March 13 to 20, 2025.

Besides, the NTA has also released exam city intimation slips on its official website.

The NTA advised the candidates to read the instructions contained in the admit card and follow them. On the exam day, candidates are required to bring a printed copy of the CUET PG admit card and other prescribed documents.

CUET PG Admit Card 2025: How to download hall tickets

Candidates can follow the steps mentioned below to download the CUET PG 2025 hall tickets:

  1. Visit the official website at exams.nta.ac.in/CUET-PG/
  2. Click on the admit card download link available on the home page
  3. Enter your login details such as application number and date of birth
  4. Submit and download the CUET PG admit card.
  5. Keep a printout of the hall ticket for further use.

Meanwhile, in case any difficulty in downloading the admit card or discrepancy in the details contained, candidates must contact the NTA help desk at 011- 40759000 or write helpdesk-cuetpg@nta.ac.in .

The agency has advised candidates to regularly visit NTA website nta.ac.in and exams.nta.ac.in/CUET-PG/ in for the latest updates regarding the examination.

NEET UG 2025: Biology Syllabus and Answers to FAQs

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NEET UG 2025: Syllabus and answers to FAQs for Biology

Here is a look at the NEET UG 2025 syllabus and answers to frequently asked questions regarding the Biology subject.

National Testing Agency (NTA) will conduct the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET UG 2025) on May 4, 2025. Biology (Botany+Zoology) is an important subject in NEET UG as 90 out of the 180 questions asked in the exam are from this subject and it carries 360 out of the total 720 marks.

Here is a look at the NEET UG 2025 syllabus and answers to frequently asked questions regarding the Biology subject.

Also read: NEET UG 2025: NTA Releases Important Notice on Registration Process – Check Details Here

NEET UG 2025: FAQs and syllabus for Biology

Question: Where can candidates access the NEET UG 2025 syllabus?

Answer: Candidates can check the NEET UG 2025 syllabus on the NMC (National Medical Commission) official website. Here is the direct link.

Question: Is there any change in the syllabus for NEET UG 2025 compared to last year?

Answer: No, there is no change in the syllabus of NEET UG 2025 compared to last year.

Question: In unit 2 of the NEET Biology syllabus, it is written – “of an insect (frog)”. But a frog is not an insect.

Answer: As per the NEET 2025 information bulletin, it should be read as “of an insect and a frog”.

Also read: NEET UG 2025 Syllabus Download PDF

Here is the NEET UG 2025 syllabus for Biology-

UNIT 1: Diversity in Living World

• What is living? ; Biodiversity; Need for classification;; Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature;

• Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids.

• Salient features and classification of plants into major groups- Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category);

• Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples).

UNIT 2: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

• Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence- cymose and recemose, flower, fruit and seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus) Family (malvaceae, Cruciferae, leguminoceae, compositae, graminae).

• Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (Frog). (Brief account only)

UNIT 3: Cell Structure and Function

  • Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; Plant cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; Cell organelles structure and function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, micro bodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultra structure and function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.

• Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins, carbodydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action, classification and nomenclature of anzymes

• B Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.

UNIT 4: Plant Physiology

• Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Site of photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary idea); Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non cyclic and photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.

• Respiration: Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations- Number of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.

• Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and plant growth rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulatorsauxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA;

UNIT 5: Human Physiology

• Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.

• Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; Composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system-Structure of human heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, Double circulation; Regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system-Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure.

• Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism,ureotelism, uricotelism; Human excretory system-structure and fuction; Urine formation, Osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney.

• Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement- ciliary, fiagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle- contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions (To be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus); Joints; Disorders of muscular and skeletal system-Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.

• Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humanscentral nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; Generation and conduction of nerve impulse;

• Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system-Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea); Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison’s disease).

UNIT 6: Reproduction

• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events- Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modesapomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.

• Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).

• Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control-Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).

UNIT 7: Genetics and Evolution

• Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from MendelismIncomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination-In humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance-Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.

• Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation- Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing, protein biosynthesis.

• Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolutionVariation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.

UNIT 8: Biology and Human Welfare

• Health and Disease; Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm, dengue, chikungunya); Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.Tobacco abuse Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.

UNIT 9: Biotechnology and Its Applications

• Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).

• Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents.

UNIT 10: Ecology and Environment

• Organisms and environmentPopulation interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.

• Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy

• Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries, Sacred Groves.